South Indian Inscriptions

EPIGRAPHIA INDICA

gives us Gojjigavallabha again in the prose passage which leads up to the date and other details of the record, though here, of course,─ no metrical conveniences being involved,─ the form Gojjigadêva might have been used just as easily. We do not anywhere find the ending raja used in direct connection with a Prâkṛit name. The only approach to an instance of that is found in the Kardâ grant of A.D. 972, in a prose passage (standing after the usual formal preamble) which speaks of Kakka II. as Kakkaladêvarâja ;^[1] and here the raja was only added after the customary ending dêva.

Finally, as regards the principal birudas, most of which occur in both the Sanskṛit and the Kanarese records. In the first place, it may be remarked that these must be the gauṇa-names, ‘ the secondary or subordinate names, or the names relating to and indicative of qualities,’ which are spoken of in contrast to the mukhya or principle names in a verse in the Baroda grant of A.D. 811 or 812.^[2] As to use of them, in the verses of the earlier records they occur without any ending ; for instance, we have the plain unqualified Śubhatuṅga, Akâlavarsha, and Nirupama, in the Paiṭhaṇ grant of A.D. 794,^[3]─ Nirupama and Kalivallabha, in the Waṇî grant of A.D. 807,^[4]─ Śrîvallabha, in the Baroda grant of A.D. 811 or 812,^[5]─ Janavallabha, Pṛithvîvallabha, Mahârâjaśarva, and Amôghavarsha, in the Nausârî grant of A.D. 817,,sup>[6]─ Prabhûtavarsha, Jagattuṅga, Kîrtinârâyaṇa, and Atiśayadhavala, in the Nîlgund inscription of A.D. 866,^[7]─ and Mahârâjashaṇḍa, Śubhatuṅga, and Akâlavarsha, in the Kâpaḍwaṇaj grant of A.D. 909 or 910.^[8] The Nausârî grants of A.D. 915 first present an occasional practice of attaching the ending dêva to the birudas in verses ; thus, they give us Jagattuṅgadêva and Raṭṭakandarpadêva :^[9] but it was plainly nothing but a matter of convenience for the purpose of filling out the verses ; and the only instances that can be found in the subsequent records, are Nṛipatuṅgadêva, in a verse in the Dêôlî grant of A.D. 940 (repeated in the Karhâḍ grant of A.D. 959),^[10] and Akâlavarshadêva, in a verse in the Sâlôṭgi inscription of A.D 945,^[11] though the preceding verse has Amôghavarsha without any ending.

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On the other hand, the prose passages indicate that the proper practice was to use in prose the ending dêva with the leading birudas,─ doubtless because in prose they were generally introduced under conditions of greater ceremony. In the formal preambles of the prose passages of the copper-plate grants, the ending dêva is invariably found attached, as a mark of respect, to the biruda that was used to denote the king who was referred to as the immediate predecessor of the reigning king, though it was not always attached to the corresponding biruda of the reigning king himself : thus, the Paiṭhaṇ grant of A.D. 794 describes Prabhûtavarsha-(Gôvinda III.) as meditating on the feet of Dhârâvarshadêva-(Dhruva),^[12] and the Waṇî grant of A.D. 807 describes Prabhûtavarshadêva-(Gôvinda III.) as meditating on the feet of Dhârâvarshadêva-(Dhruva) ;^[13] and the same rule was observed, in the case of the predecessors, in the Râdhanpur grant of A.D. 807, the Nausârî grants of A.D. 915, the Sâṅglî grant of A.D. 933, the Dêôlî grant of

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^[1] Ind. Ant. Vol. XII. p. 266, text line 47.
^[2] Ind. Ant. Vol. XII. p. 159, text lines 4, 5 ; and see also another verse which first appears in the Tôrkhêḍê grant of A.D. 813 (above, Vol. III. p. 55, text lines 10, 11). I am indebted to Prof. Kielhorn for reminding me of this.
^[3] Above, Vol. III. pp. 106, 107, text lines 19, 20-21, 35, 37.
^[4] Ind. Ant. Vol. XI. p. 158, text lines 14, 15.
^[5] Ind. Ant. Vol. XII. p. 160, text line 35.
^[6] Jour. Bo. Br. R. As. Soc. Vol. XX. p. 138, text line 36, and p. 139, lines 44, 45.
^[7] Pages 102, 103, above, text lines 5 to 8.
^[8] Ep. Ind. Vol. I. p. 54, text lines 14, 16.
^[9] Jour. Bo. Br. R. As. Soc. Vol. XVIII. pp. 258, 259, B. plate ii. a, text line 12, and plate ii. b, lines 4, 5, and pp. 262, 263, A. plate ii. a, line 10, and plate ii. b, lines 1, 2.
^{[10 Above, Vol. V. p. 193, text line 18 ; and Vol. IV. p. 283, text line 19. It may be noted that the Dêôlî grant gives Jagattuṅgadêva in prose in line 49, but immediately afterwards uses Jagattuṅga, without any ending in verse in line 51.
[11] Above, Vol. IV. p. 60, text line 10.
[12] Above, Vol. III. p. 108, text line 43.
[13] Ind. Ant. Vol. XI. p. 159, text lines 34, 35.}